Heating, air flow, and air conditioning (HEATING AND COOLING) is making use of different technologies to manage the temperature, humidity, and pureness of the air in an encased space. Its objective is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable interior air quality. Heating and cooling system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical design, based upon the concepts of thermodynamics, liquid mechanics, and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes contributed to the area's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated breaker). Heating and cooling is an integral part of domestic structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, resorts, and senior living centers; medium to large commercial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals; automobiles such as automobiles, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in aquatic settings, where risk-free and healthy structure conditions are managed with respect to temperature level and moisture, utilizing fresh air from outdoors. Aerating or air flow (the "V" in COOLING AND HEATING) is the process of trading or changing air in any kind of room to give high interior air top quality which involves temperature level control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of dampness, odors, smoke, warmth, dirt, air-borne germs, co2, and various other gases. Ventilation eliminates unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, maintains interior structure air circulating, and avoids stagnation of the interior air. Techniques for aerating a building are split into mechanical/forced and all-natural types.
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